Thomas Albert Howard is Professor of History and the Humanities and holder of the Phyllis and Richard Duesenberg Chair in Christian Ethics at Valparaiso University. His publications include Protestant Theology and the Making of the Modern German University (2006), God and the Atlantic: America, Europe, and the Religious Divide (2011), and The Pope and the Professor: Pius IX, Ignaz von Döllinger, and the Quandary of the Modern Age (2017).